The Later Champoos
The 15th century A.D. saw two parallelled
movements in Malayalam literature: one spearheaded by the Manipravala
works, especially the Champoos, mixing verse and prose, and continuing
the trend of the earlier Champoos at least in part; and the other
emanating from the pattu school and adumbrated in Cherusseri's
magnum opus, the Krishnagatha (Song of Krishna).
As
the elitist Manipravala Champoo school is to disappear later
in the next century, it may be disccussed first. The language
of the later Champoos reads more like modern Malayalam than
that of the earlier Champoos and Sandesakavyas. Perhaps it can
also be said that there is an improvement in poetic quality
and craftsmanship too. The greatest Manipravala Champoos of
the 15th century is Punam Nambudiri's Ramayanam, a close rival
to Mahishamangalam's Naishadha of the 17th century. It is believed
that Punam was responsible for using Puranic themes and episodes
in Champoos for the first time, unlike the 14th century Champoos
which were tales of the courtesans.
The later Champoos came to be used for dramatic oral narration
by performing artists in their Koothu and Pathakam. Their diction
like their themes, seems to be more refined than that of the
earlier Champoos showing a self-conscious effort on the part
of their authors. Ramayanam Champoos consists of 20 Prabandhas
viz., Ravana's birth, Rama's incarnation, the killing of Thataka,
the deliverance of Ahalya, the marriage of Sita, the truimph
over parasurama, the foiled coronation, the killing of Khara,
the treaty with Sugriva, the killing of Bali, the entry into
the garden, the scene of the ring, the entry into Lanka, the
killing of Ravana, the ordeal by fire, the entry into Ayodhya,
the coronation, the repudiation of Sita, the Aswamedha and the
Swargarohana.
A recurring feature of some of these Champoos is that several
passags are common to many of them. It would appear as though
the performing artists, the Chakyars or the Nambiars, appropriated
passages from other Champoos and introduced them into any given
Champoos chosen for presentation. A remarkable feature of Ramayanam
Champoo is the sense of humour that sparkles in many passages.
Punam also wrote a Bharatam Champoos. There are also many others,
the authorship of which is ascribed to him.
Mahishamangalam (or Mazhamangalam) Narayanan Nambudiri is the
author of some of the best Champoos of all time. The most widely
known of these is Naishadham followed by Rajaratnavaliyam and
Kodia Viraham. Like Punam, Mahishamangalam also reveals in humour.
This aspect of the work must have specially appealed to the
performing artists who used the text for public performance.
It may be this sense of the comic that eventually percolated
into the Thullal poems of Kunchan Nambiar, centuries later.